Business Description

References to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Green Plains,” or the “company” refer to Green Plains Inc. and its subsidiaries. Overview Incorporated in Iowa, Green Plains is a renewable fuels and agricultural technology company focused on producing low-cost, low-CI ethanol and related co-products, including high protein feeds and corn oil from locally sourced corn. Our goal is to create value through an operational excellence focus including disciplined operations, cost leadership and carbon reduction as we position the company to benefit from expanding low-carbon fuel markets. Founded in 2004, Green Plains now owns nine strategically located plants across the Midwest, capable of processing approximately 287 million bushels of corn annually, when all plants are operating. Today, our focus is on operating safely, efficiently and cost-effectively while reducing the CI of our products and maintaining financial flexibility to support long term growth. During the year, under new leadership, the company completed targeted asset sales, strengthened liquidity and reduced debt, positioning Green Plains to capture value from the next phase of the low-carbon transition. Our streamlined platform is positioned to create value through our focus on operational excellence, continuous improvement and disciplined capital allocation. We group our business activities into the following two operating segments to manage performance: • Ethanol Production. Our ethanol production segment includes the production, storage and transportation of ethanol, distillers grains, Ultra-High Protein and renewable corn oil at nine biorefineries in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota and Nebraska. At capacity, our nine facilities are capable of processing approximately 287 million bushels of corn per year and producing approximately 850 million gallons of ethanol, 2.0 million tons of distillers grains and Ultra-High Protein, and 296 million pounds of renewable corn oil, a low-carbon feedstock for biodiesel and renewable diesel. Our eight facilities currently in operation are capable of processing approximately 246 million bushels of corn and producing 730 million gallons of ethanol, 1.7 million tons of distillers grains and Ultra-High Protein, and 254 million pounds of renewable corn oil. • Agribusiness and Energy Services. Our agribusiness and energy services segment includes grain procurement, storage and commodity marketing. We market our ethanol through a 3rd party and also sell and distribute our ethanol plant co-products, including distillers grains and corn oil. We also buy and sell natural gas and other commodities in various markets. Business Strategy Ethanol is a valuable low CI oxygenate that comprises approximately 10.1% of the domestic surface transportation gasoline supply in the U.S. with the potential to grow with increased offering of higher blends, including E15 and E85. Additionally, government incentives to produce SAF through ATJ pathways could provide additional demand for low-CI ethanol for conversion to SAF. A critical step to significantly reduce the CI of ethanol is carbon capture technology, which we are deploying at multiple locations. SAF is a drop-in fuel, chemically identical to petroleum-based jet fuel and can be blended into the fuel supply at varying levels. There is an increasing focus on using this fuel to reduce the carbon footprint of air travel. SAF can be produced from vegetable and waste oil feedstocks, such as our renewable corn oil. As part of our carbon reduction strategy, we successfully commenced CCS operations at our three Nebraska biorefineries, which are connected to the Trailblazer CO2 Pipeline. In addition we have committed our four Iowa and Minnesota facilities to Summit Carbon Solutions, which publicly projects operations commencing in 2028. CCS will lower GHG emissions through the capture of biogenic carbon dioxide at each of these biorefineries, significantly lowering their CI, in some cases by more than half. We financed the build and installation of carbon capture equipment at our three Nebraska plants with Tallgrass and expect to begin repayment during the first quarter of 2026. There are very few ethanol production facilities with carbon capture in place today, and we are among the first to produce lower-CI ethanol at scale. In addition, we are exploring alternative options for biogenic carbon dioxide utilization where pipeline transport or direct injection may not be feasible.…