Business Description

1. Organization Description of Business Carlsmed, Inc. (the “Company”) is a medical technology company within the surgical device with enabling technology sector. The Company was incorporated in Delaware in June 2018 and is headquartered in Carlsbad, California. The Company designs, manufactures, and markets aprevo ®, a comprehensive technology platform for spine fusion surgery procedures that are performed at hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers. The aprevo platform includes proprietary surgical planning software, using outcomes-based algorithms that are aided with artificial intelligence, and resulting custom-built, anatomically designed vertebral interbody implants. These implants provide each patient with a personalized vertebral fit to address their unique pathology and anatomy. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) cleared the aprevo lumbar interbody implants through its 510(k) regulatory pathway for the correction of adult lumbar spinal deformity in December 2020 and several degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine in August 2022. The Company commenced its limited clinical release with its first U.S. patient implant in February 2021, and in October 2021, the Company commenced its U.S. commercial launch of aprevo. In November 2024, the FDA 510(k) cleared the aprevo interbody implants for cervical spine fusion surgery as part of the FDA-cleared aprevo Technology Platform and in December 2025, the Company commenced the U.S. launch of aprevo Technology Platform for cervical fusion surgeries. Also in December 2025, the Company received FDA 510(k) clearance for accompanying personalized cervical plating solutions. We expect to more broadly commercialize the aprevo cervical platform, including with the anticipated commercial launch of our corra Cervical Plating System, in 2026. Reverse Stock Split On July 10, 2025, the Company effectuated a 1 -for-5.58 reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock, Series A, Series B, and Series C convertible preferred stock, as well as stock option awards to purchase shares of common stock, restricted stock units ( “RSUs”), and warrants to purchase shares of common stock, Series B convertible preferred stock, and Series C convertible preferred stock. Consequently, all issued and outstanding shares of stock, stock option awards, RSUs, warrants, and per share data have been retroactively adjusted in these financial statements to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented. The par value of the common stock and convertible preferred stock remain unchanged. As the number and issuance price of all outstanding convertible preferred stock were adjusted, the conversion ratios for each series of the Company’s convertible preferred stock were unchanged. Stockholders entitled to fractional shares as a result of the reverse stock split received cash payment in lieu of receiving fractional shares. Initial Public Offering On July 24, 2025, the Company completed its initial public offering of 6,700,000 shares of its common stock, at a price to the public of $ 15.00 per share (the “IPO”). The net proceeds received by the Company from the IPO were $ 93.5 million , after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and before additional offering expenses of $ 5.4 million paid by the Company. The underwriters had the option for a period of 30 days from the IPO date to purchase an additional 1,005,000 shares of common stock at the IPO price, less underwriting discounts and commissions, which was not exercised. Immediately prior to the closing of the IPO on July 24, 2025, all shares of the Company’s convertible preferred stock converted into shares of the Company’s common stock. In connection with this conversion, all warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock are now exercisable into common stock. Liquidity and Capital Resources As of December 31, 2025 , the Company had $ 109.9 million of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments, $ 15.6 million debt outstanding under its loan and security agreement with Customers Bank (the “Customers Loan Agreement”), and an accumulated deficit of $ 100.8 million . The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future as it continues to expand commercial oper ations and develop its product portfolio.…